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Reducing Class Size, What Do We Know? – March
1999
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Endnotes
1. Glass, Gene V.,
Leonard S. Cahen, Mary L. Smith, and Nikola N. Filby. 1982. School
class size: Research and policy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
2.
Finn, Jeremy D. 1998. Class size and students at risk: What is known?
What is next? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of
Educational Research and Improvement, National Institute on the Education
of At-Risk Students.
3. Robinson, Glen E.
and James H. Wittebols. 1986. Class size research: A related cluster
analysis for decision-making. Arlington, VA: Education Research
Service.
4. Tomlinson, Tom.
1988. Class size and public policy: Politics and panaceas.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational
Research and Improvement.
5. See Finn 1998 and
Charles M. Achilles, 1996. "Students achieve more in smaller
classes." Educational Leadership 53 (5): 76-77.
6. Odden, Allan. 1990.
"Class size and student achievement: Research-based policy
alternatives." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 12
(2): 213-227.
7. Florida Department
of Education. Office of Policy Research. 1998. "The relationship of
school and class size with student achievement in Florida: An analysis of
statewide data." www.firn.edu/doe/bin00048/home0048.htm.
8. Ferguson, Ronald F.
1991. "Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money
matters." Harvard Journal on Legislation 28 (2): 465-498.
9. Hanushek, Eric A.
1998. "The evidence on class size." Public Testimony,
Washington, DC.
10. Greenwald, Rob,
Larry V. Hedges, and Richard D. Laine. 1996. "The effect of school
resources on student achievement." Review of Educational Research
66 (3): 361-396. See also Hanushek, Eric A. 1996. "A more
complete picture of school resource policies." Review of
Educational Research 66 (3): 397-409 and Greenwald, Rob, Larry V.
Hedges, and Richard D. Laine. 1996. "Interpreting research on school
resources and student achievement: A rejoinder to Hanushek." Review
of Educational Research 66 (3): 411-416.
11. See Finn 1998 and
Achilles 1996.
12. Wenglinsky, Harold.
1997. When money matters: How educational expenditures improve student
performance and how they don’t. Princeton, NJ: The Educational
Testing Service, Policy Information Center.
13. Mueller, Daniel J.,
Clinton I. Chase, and James D. Walden. 1988. "Effects of Reduced
Class Size in Primary Classes." Educational Leadership 45
(7): 48-50.
14. Achilles, Charles
M., Barbara A. Nye, Jayne B. Zaharias, B. DeWayne Fulton, and C. Cain.
1996. "Education's Equivalent of Medicine's Framingham Heart
Study." Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse. ED 402677. See also
Mosteller, Frederick. 1995. "The Tennessee Study of Class Size in the
Early School Grades." The Future of Children 5 (2): 113-127.
15. Finn 1998. Nye,
Barbara, B. DeWayne Fulton, Jayne Boyd-Zaharias, and Van A. Cain. 1995. The
Lasting Benefits Study, Eighth Grade Technical Report. Nashville, TN:
Center of Excellence for Research in Basic Skills, Tennessee State
University.
16. See Mosteller 1995,
Finn 1998, and Kickbusch, Ken. 1996. "Class Size." Madison, WI:
Wisconsin Education Association Council, Professional Development
Division. www.weac.org/resource/may96/classize.htm
17. Finn 1998. p. 8.
18. Mosteller,
Frederick, Richard J. Light, and Jason A. Sachs. 1996. "Sustained
Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size." Harvard
Educational Review 66 (4): 797-842.
19. Krueger, Alan.
March 1998. Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions.
Princeton University and NBER.
20. Egelson, Paula,
Patrick Harman and Charles M. Achilles. 1996. Does Class Size Make a
Difference? Recent Findings from State and District Initiatives.
Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse. ED 398644. See also Finn 1998.
21. Molnar,
Alex, Stephen Percy, Phillip Smith, and John Zahorik. December 1998.
"1997-98 Results of the Student Achievement Guarantee in Education
(SAGE) Program." Milwaukee, WI: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
22. Texas Education
Agency. 1998. "Update on Class Size Waivers, Bilingual Education
Exceptions, and Waivers for English as a Second Language."www.tea.state.tx.us/sboe/schedule/9801/dppef010.html
23. Sturm, Pepper.
1997. "Nevada's Class-Size Reduction Program." Carson City, NV:
Senate Committee on Human Resources. www.leg.state.nv.us/lcb/research/bkground/97-07.HTM.
See also Egelson et al. 1996.
24. Egelson et al.
1996.
25. Achilles et al.
1996 and AIR, RAND, PACE, and EdSource. 1998. Evaluating
California’s Class Size Reduction Initiative: The Year 1 Data Collection
Component. Grant proposal submitted to the Koret Foundation, Palo
Alto, CA.
26. California. Senate.
"Class Size Reduction." S.B. 804. Chaptered August 18, 1997.
27. AIR et al. 1998.
28. Mosteller 1995,
Kickbusch 1996, and Maier et al. 1997.
29. Egelson et al.
1996.
30. Mitchell, Douglas,
Christi Carson, and Gary Badarak. 1989. How Changing Class Size
Affects Classrooms and Students. Riverside, CA: California
Educational Research Cooperative, University of California.
31. Molnar et al. 1998.
32. Finn 1998.
33. Krueger 1998,
Molnar et al. 1998.
34. Kickbusch 1996.
35. See Odden 1990 and
Mitchell et al. 1989.
36. Wright, Edgar N.,
Stanley M. Shapson, Gary Eason, and John Fitzgerald. 1977. Effects of
Class Size in the Junior Grades: A Study. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario
Ministry of Education, Ontario Institute for Studies of Education. See
also Molnar et al. 1998.
37. See Mitchell et al.
1989 and Robinson and Wittebols 1986.
38. One research study
currently under way is being carried out by Brian Stecher and Cathleen
Stasz of the RAND Corporation, with funding from the Field-Initiated
Studies Program in the Office of Educational Research and Improvement,
U.S. Department of Education. This study, entitled "The Effects of
Class Size Reduction on Students Opportunities to Learn," is
investigating whether reduced class size classes are related to changes in
the various kinds of learning opportunities experienced by students.
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